![]() ![]() ![]() If you replace matter for energy (using E=mc²) it would imply that the speed of time flow would be different for regions of higher energy concentration and regions of lower energy concentration. Gravitation fields have an impact on the speed of time flow. So our universe is gradually moving from a state of lower entropy to a state of higher entropy. The evenness of energy distribution is known as entropy. Our universe is gradually moving from a state of energy concentration (where some regions of our universe contain more energy than other regions) to a state of energy distribution (where all energy in the universe would be equally distributed). Consider the double-slit patterns obtained for electrons and photons in Figure 29.25.Time is not directly related to energy itself, but it is definitely related to many aspects of energy.įor example, the direction of time (from past to future) can be determined by the flow of energy in the universe. Let us explore what happens if we try to follow a particle. It is somewhat disquieting to think that you cannot predict exactly where an individual particle will go, or even follow it to its destination. Those who developed quantum mechanics devised equations that predicted the probability distribution in various circumstances. There is a certain probability of finding the particle at a given location, and the overall pattern is called a probability distribution. After compiling enough data, you get a distribution related to the particle’s wavelength and diffraction pattern. However, each particle goes to a definite place (as illustrated in Figure 29.24). The idea quickly emerged that, because of its wave character, a particle’s trajectory and destination cannot be precisely predicted for each particle individually. Both patterns are probability distributions in the sense that they are built up by individual particles traversing the apparatus, the paths of which are not individually predictable.Īfter de Broglie proposed the wave nature of matter, many physicists, including Schrödinger and Heisenberg, explored the consequences. (See Figure 29.24.)įigure 29.25 Double-slit interference for electrons (a) and photons (b) is identical for equal wavelengths and equal slit separations. Repeated measurements will display a statistical distribution of locations that appears wavelike. But if you set up exactly the same situation and measure it again, you will find the electron in a different location, often far outside any experimental uncertainty in your measurement. Experiments show that you will find the electron at some definite location, unlike a wave. What is the position of a particle, such as an electron? Is it at the center of the wave? The answer lies in how you measure the position of an electron. Matter and photons are waves, implying they are spread out over some distance. 7.C.1.1 The student is able to use a graphical wave function representation of a particle to predict qualitatively the probability of finding a particle in a specific spatial region.The information presented in this section supports the following AP® learning objectives and science practices: ![]() Explain the implications of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for measurements.Use both versions of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in calculations. ![]() By the end of this section, you will be able to: ![]()
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